编程范式游记（6）- 面向对象编程 [2026重制版]

// 原文中的Java实现
interface BillingStrategy {
    public double getActPrice(double rawPrice);
}
 
class NormalStrategy implements BillingStrategy {
    @Override
    public double getActPrice(double rawPrice) {
        return rawPrice;
    }
}
 
class HappyHourStrategy implements BillingStrategy {
    @Override
    public double getActPrice(double rawPrice) {
        return rawPrice * 0.5;
    }
}

// 定义价格策略接口
interface PricingStrategy {
    name: string;
    calculate(originalPrice: number): number;
    description?: string;
}
 
// 具体策略实现
const strategies = {
    normal: {
        name: '正常价格',
        calculate: (price: number) => price,
        description: '原价销售',
    } satisfies PricingStrategy,
 
    happyHour: {
        name: '欢乐时光',
        calculate: (price: number) => price * 0.5,
        description: '50%折扣',
    } satisfies PricingStrategy,
 
    vipDiscount: {
        name: 'VIP折扣',
        calculate: (price: number) => {
            if (price > 1000) return price * 0.85; // 大额85折
            if (price > 500) return price * 0.9;   // 中额9折
            return price * 0.95;                    // 小额95折
        },
        description: '阶梯式VIP优惠',
    } satisfies PricingStrategy,
 
    seasonalPromotion: {
        name: '季节促销',
        calculate: (price: number, season?: string) => {
            const multipliers: Record<string, number> = {
                summer: 0.7,
                winter: 0.8,
                spring: 0.9,
                autumn: 0.85,
            };
            const multiplier = season ? (multipliers[season] ?? 1) : 0.75;
            return price * multiplier;
        },
        description: '按季节浮动',
    } satisfies PricingStrategy,
};
 
type StrategyName = keyof typeof strategies;
 
// 使用联合类型约束
class OrderProcessor<T extends StrategyName = StrategyName> {
    private items: OrderItem[] = [];
    private defaultStrategy: T;
 
    constructor(defaultStrategy: T) {
        this.defaultStrategy = defaultStrategy;
    }
 
    addItem(item: OrderItem): void {
        this.items.push(item);
    }
 
    calculateTotal(strategyOverride?: T): OrderSummary {
        const strategy = strategyOverride ?? this.defaultStrategy;
        const pricingFn = strategies[strategy];
 
        let subtotal = 0;
        const details = this.items.map(item => {
            const originalTotal = item.price * item.quantity;
            const discountedTotal = pricingFn.calculate(originalTotal);
            subtotal += discountedTotal;
 
            return {
                name: item.name,
                original: originalTotal,
                discounted: discountedTotal,
                strategy: strategy,
            };
        });
 
        const tax = subtotal * 0.13;
        const grandTotal = subtotal + tax;
 
        return {
            strategyUsed: pricingFn.name,
            items: details,
            subtotal: Math.round(subtotal * 100) / 100,
            tax: Math.round(tax * 100) / 100,
            grandTotal: Math.round(grandTotal * 100) / 100,
        };
    }
}
 
// 类型定义
interface OrderItem {
    name: string;
    price: number;
    quantity: number;
}
 
interface ItemDetail {
    name: string;
    original: number;
    discounted: number;
    strategy: StrategyName;
}
 
interface OrderSummary {
    strategyUsed: string;
    items: ItemDetail[];
    subtotal: number;
    tax: number;
    grandTotal: number;
}
 
// 使用示例
const processor = new OrderProcessor('normal');
 
processor.addItem({ name: '笔记本电脑', price: 8000, quantity: 1 });
processor.addItem({ name: '机械键盘', price: 500, quantity: 2 });
processor.addItem({ name: '鼠标', price: 200, quantity: 3 });
 
console.log('=== 正常价格 ===');
console.log(processor.calculateTotal());
 
console.log('\n=== 欢乐时光 ===');
console.log(processor.calculateTotal('happyHour'));
 
console.log('\n=== VIP折扣 ===');
console.log(processor.calculateTotal('vipDiscount'));

use std::fmt;
 
/// 价格策略Trait（类似接口）
trait PricingStrategy: fmt::Debug {
    fn name(&self) -> &str;
    fn calculate(&self, original_price: f64) -> f64;
    fn description(&self) -> &str { "默认策略" }
}
 
/// 正常价格策略
#[derive(Debug)]
struct NormalPricing;
 
impl PricingStrategy for NormalPricing {
    fn name(&self) -> &str { "正常价格" }
    fn calculate(&self, price: f64) -> f64 { price }
}
 
/// VIP折扣策略
#[derive(Debug)]
struct VipDiscount { level: VipLevel }
 
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
enum VipLevel { Regular, Gold, Platinum }
 
impl PricingStrategy for VipDiscount {
    fn name(&self) -> &str { "VIP折扣" }
    fn description(&self) -> &str { "阶梯式VIP优惠" }
 
    fn calculate(&self, price: f64) -> f64 {
        match self.level {
            VipLevel::Regular => price * 0.95,
            VipLevel::Gold => price * 0.90,
            VipLevel::Platinum => price * 0.85,
        }
    }
}
 
/// 季节促销策略
#[derive(Debug)]
struct SeasonalPromotion { season: Season }
 
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
enum Season { Summer, Winter, Spring, Autumn }
 
impl PricingStrategy for SeasonalPromotion {
    fn name(&self) -> &str { "季节促销" }
    fn description(&self) -> &str { "按季节浮动" }
 
    fn calculate(&self, price: f64) -> f64 {
        let multiplier = match self.season {
            Season::Summer => 0.70,
            Season::Winter => 0.80,
            Season::Spring => 0.90,
            Season::Autumn => 0.85,
        };
        price * multiplier
    }
}
 
/// 订单项
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct OrderItem {
    name: String,
    price: f64,
    quantity: u32,
}
 
/// 订单处理器（使用泛型约束）
struct OrderProcessor<S: PricingStrategy> {
    items: Vec<OrderItem>,
    strategy: S,
}
 
impl<S: PricingStrategy> OrderProcessor<S> {
    fn new(strategy: S) -> Self {
        Self { items: Vec::new(), strategy }
    }
 
    fn add_item(&mut self, item: OrderItem) {
        self.items.push(item);
    }
 
    fn calculate_total(&self) -> OrderSummary {
        let mut details = Vec::new();
        let mut subtotal = 0.0;
 
        for item in &self.items {
            let original = item.price * item.quantity as f64;
            let discounted = self.strategy.calculate(original);
            subtotal += discounted;
 
            details.push(ItemDetail {
                name: item.name.clone(),
                original,
                discounted,
            });
        }
 
        let tax = subtotal * 0.13;
        let grand_total = subtotal + tax;
 
        OrderSummary {
            strategy_name: self.strategy.name().to_string(),
            items: details,
            subtotal: (subtotal * 100.0).round() / 100.0,
            tax: (tax * 100.0).round() / 100.0,
            grand_total: (grand_total * 100.0).round() / 100.0,
        }
    }
}
 
#[derive(Debug)]
struct ItemDetail {
    name: String,
    original: f64,
    discounted: f64,
}
 
#[derive(Debug)]
struct OrderSummary {
    strategy_name: String,
    items: Vec<ItemDetail>,
    subtotal: f64,
    tax: f64,
    grand_total: f64,
}
 
fn main() {
    let mut processor = OrderProcessor::new(NormalPricing);
 
    processor.add_item(OrderItem {
        name: "笔记本".into(), price: 8000.0, quantity: 1,
    });
    processor.add_item(OrderItem {
        name: "键盘".into(), price: 500.0, quantity: 2,
    });
    processor.add_item(OrderItem {
        name: "鼠标".into(), price: 200.0, quantity: 3,
    });
 
    println!("=== 正常价格 ===\n{:#?}", processor.calculate_total());
 
    let mut vip_processor = OrderProcessor::new(VipDiscount { level: VipLevel::Platinum });
    vip_processor.add_item(OrderItem {
        name: "笔记本".into(), price: 8000.0, quantity: 1,
    });
    vip_processor.add_item(OrderItem {
        name: "键盘".into(), price: 500.0, quantity: 2,
    });
 
    println!("\n=== VIP白金折扣 ===\n{:#?}", vip_processor.calculate_total());
}

from __future__ import annotations
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from enum import Enum
from typing import Protocol, runtime_checkable
 
 
class StrategyName(str, Enum):
    NORMAL = "normal"
    HAPPY_HOUR = "happy_hour"
    VIP_DISCOUNT = "vip_discount"
    SEASONAL = "seasonal"
 
 
@runtime_checkable
class PricingStrategy(Protocol):
    """价格策略协议（接口）"""
    @property
    def name(self) -> str: ...
    def calculate(self, original_price: float) -> float: ...
 
 
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class NormalPricing:
    """正常价格策略"""
    name: str = field(default="正常价格", init=False)
 
    def calculate(self, original_price: float) -> float:
        return original_price
 
 
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class VipDiscount:
    """VIP折扣策略"""
    level: str  # regular, gold, platinum
    name: str = field(default="VIP折扣", init=False)
 
    def calculate(self, original_price: float) -> float:
        discounts = {"regular": 0.95, "gold": 0.90, "platinum": 0.85}
        multiplier = discounts.get(self.level, 1.0)
        return original_price * multiplier
 
 
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class OrderItem:
    """订单项"""
    name: str
    price: float
    quantity: int
 
 
@dataclass
class OrderSummary:
    """订单汇总"""
    strategy_used: str
    items: list[dict[str, object]]
    subtotal: float
    tax: float
    grand_total: float
 
 
class OrderProcessor:
    """订单处理器"""
 
    def __init__(self, strategy: PricingStrategy):
        self._items: list[OrderItem] = []
        self._strategy = strategy
 
    def add_item(self, item: OrderItem) -> None:
        self._items.append(item)
 
    def calculate_total(
        self, override_strategy: PricingStrategy | None = None
    ) -> OrderSummary:
        strategy = override_strategy or self._strategy
        details = []
        subtotal = 0.0
 
        for item in self._items:
            original = item.price * item.quantity
            discounted = strategy.calculate(original)
            subtotal += discounted
 
            details.append({
                "name": item.name,
                "original": round(original, 2),
                "discounted": round(discounted, 2),
            })
 
        tax = subtotal * 0.13
        grand_total = subtotal + tax
 
        return OrderSummary(
            strategy_used=strategy.name,
            items=details,
            subtotal=round(subtotal, 2),
            tax=round(tax, 2),
            grand_total=round(grand_total, 2),
        )
 
 
# 使用示例
def main():
    processor = OrderProcessor(NormalPricing())
 
    processor.add_item(OrderItem("笔记本电脑", 8000.0, 1))
    processor.add_item(OrderItem("机械键盘", 500.0, 2))
    processor.add_item(OrderItem("鼠标", 200.0, 3))
 
    print("=== 正常价格 ===")
    summary = processor.calculate_total()
    print(f"策略: {summary.strategy_used}")
    print(f"小计: ¥{summary.subtotal:,.2f}")
    print(f"税费: ¥{summary.tax:,.2f}")
    print(f"总计: ¥{summary.grand_total:,.2f}")
 
    print("\n=== VIP白金折扣 ===")
    vip_summary = processor.calculate_total(VipDiscount(level="platinum"))
    print(f"策略: {vip_summary.strategy_used}")
    print(f"总计: ¥{vip_summary.grand_total:,.2f}")
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

// 原文中的问题代码
mutex m;
 
void foo() {
    m.lock();
    Func();
    if ( ! everythingOk() ) return;  // 忘记unlock！
    m.unlock();
}

// TypeScript 5.2+: Explicit Resource Management
interface Disposable {
    [Symbol.dispose](): void;
}
 
// 数据库连接池
class DatabaseConnection implements Disposable {
    private pool: ConnectionPool;
    private connectionId: string;
    private isReleased = false;
 
    constructor(pool: ConnectionPool) {
        this.pool = pool;
        this.connectionId = pool.acquire();
        console.log(`📡 获取连接: ${this.connectionId}`);
    }
 
    query<T>(sql: string, params?: unknown[]): Promise<T[]> {
        if (this.isReleased) {
            throw new Error('连接已释放');
        }
        console.log(`🔍 执行查询: ${sql}`);
        return this.pool.execute<T>(this.connectionId, sql, params);
    }
 
    // 实现Disposable接口
    [Symbol.dispose](): void {
        if (!this.isReleased) {
            console.log(`🔒 释放连接: ${this.connectionId}`);
            this.pool.release(this.connectionId);
            this.isReleased = true;
        }
    }
}
 
// 使用using自动管理资源
async function processUserOrder(userId: string) {
    // 连接会在作用域结束时自动释放
    using db = new DatabaseConnection(connectionPool);
 
    try {
        const user = await db.query<User>(
            'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1',
            [userId]
        );
 
        const orders = await db.query<Order>(
            'SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = $1',
            [userId]
        );
 
        // 处理业务逻辑...
        return { user, orders };
 
    } catch (error) {
        // 即使抛出异常，连接也会被正确释放
        console.error('处理失败:', error);
        throw error;
    }
    // ← 此处自动调用 db[Symbol.dispose]()
}

/// 文件句柄包装器（RAII）
struct FileHandle {
    path: std::path::PathBuf,
    file: Option<std::fs::File>,
}
 
impl FileHandle {
    fn new(path: impl Into<std::path::PathBuf>) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
        let path = path.into();
        let file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
            .read(true)
            .write(true)
            .create(true)
            .open(&path)?;
 
        Ok(Self {
            path,
            file: Some(file),
        })
    }
 
    fn write_line(&mut self, content: &str) -> std::io::Result<()> {
        if let Some(ref mut file) = self.file {
            use std::io::Write;
            writeln!(file, "{}", content)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
 
    fn read_content(&self) -> std::io::Result<String> {
        if let Some(ref file) = self.file {
            use std::io::Read;
            let mut content = String::new();
            file.take(1024).read_to_string(&mut content)?;
            Ok(content)
        } else {
            Ok(String::new())
        }
    }
}
 
/// RAII: Drop trait 在作用域结束时自动调用
impl Drop for FileHandle {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(file) = self.file.take() {
            println!("🔒 自动关闭文件: {}", self.path.display());
            // file 在这里被drop，资源被释放
        }
    }
}
 
fn process_data() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    // 创建文件句柄
    let mut handle = FileHandle::new("/tmp/data.txt")?;
 
    handle.write_line("Hello, RAII!")?;
    handle.write_line("资源自动管理")?;
 
    // 即使这里提前返回或panic，
    // Drop trait也会确保文件被关闭
    let content = handle.read_content()?;
    println!("文件内容: {}", content);
 
    Ok(())
    // ← handle 在这里被drop，文件自动关闭
}
 
fn main() {
    match process_data() {
        Ok(_) => println!("✅ 处理成功"),
        Err(e) => println!("❌ 处理失败: {}", e),
    }
 
    println!("程序结束");
}

// ❌ 深层继承导致脆弱
class Animal { ... }
class Mammal extends Animal { ... }
class Dog extends Mammal { ... }
class GoldenRetriever extends Dog { ... }
 
// ✅ 组合提供灵活性
interface CanBark { bark(): void }
interface CanSwim { swim(): void }
interface CanFetch { fetch(item: string): void }
 
class Dog implements CanBark, CanSwim, CanFetch {
    constructor(private abilities: Set<string>) {}
 
    bark() { console.log("汪汪!"); }
    swim() { console.log("狗刨式..."); }
    fetch(item: string) { console.log(`取回 ${item}`); }
}

# ❌ 直接依赖具体实现
class UserService:
    def __init__(self):
        self.db = MySQLDatabase()  # 紧耦合！
 
# ✅ 依赖抽象（接口）
class UserRepository(Protocol):
    def get_by_id(self, user_id: int) -> User | None: ...
    def save(self, user: User) -> None: ...
 
 
class UserService:
    def __init__(self, repo: UserRepository):
        self._repo = repo  # 依赖注入
 
# 可以注入任何实现
mysql_service = UserService(MySQLRepository())
postgres_service = UserService(PostgresRepository())
in_memory_service = UserService(InMemoryRepository())  # 测试用

// Java 21: Record类
public record User(
    String id,
    String name,
    String email,
    LocalDateTime createdAt
) {
    // 自动生成: equals, hashCode, toString, getters
    // 不可变（字段是final的）
 
    // 可以添加验证逻辑
    public User {
        Objects.requireNonNull(name, "名称不能为空");
        if (!email.contains("@")) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("邮箱格式无效");
        }
    }
 
    // 可以添加方法
    public boolean isAdult() {
        return ChronoUnit.YEARS.between(
            createdAt.toLocalDate(),
            LocalDate.now()
        ) >= 18;
    }
}

// TypeScript: 模拟sealed class（使用联合类型+never）
type Shape =
    | { kind: 'circle'; radius: number }
    | { kind: 'rectangle'; width: number; height: number }
    | { kind: 'triangle'; base: number; height: number };
 
function area(shape: Shape): number {
    switch (shape.kind) {
        case 'circle':
            return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2;
        case 'rectangle':
            return shape.width * shape.height;
        case 'triangle':
            return (shape.base * shape.height) / 2;
        default:
            // TypeScript确保穷举检查
            const _exhaustive: never = shape;
            return _exhaustive;
    }
}